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Soyuz
Flight Details 7
Soyuz TM-14 (Mir 11)Mission Statistics:
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Mission Highlights: The Soyuz TM-14 crew was the first launched by the Russian Republic after the breakup of the Soviet Union in late 1991. The crew conducted a variety of life science experiments, including German and European Space Agency experiments carried aboard a Progress supply ship that docked with the Mir station a few days before Soyuz TM-14. German cosmonaut Flade returned to Earth on 3/25/92 with Volkov of Soyuz TM-13 and Krikalev of Soyuz TM-12.
Soyuz TM-15 (Mir 12)Mission Statistics:
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Mission Highlights: The initial phase of this flight was a commercial mission paid for by France. French cosmonaut Tognini conducted a variety of medical experiments as part of a French program called Antares. He returned to Earth after 12 days, with the crew of Soyuz TM-14. The two Russian cosmonauts remained in orbit for long-duration experiments. On 9/3/92, they conducted the first of four space walks to install new thrusters on the Mir station.
Soyuz TM-16 (Mir 13)Mission Statistics:
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Mission Highlights: This was a long-duration mission aboard the Mir space station. A unique aspect of this flight was that the Soyuz spacecraft was equipped with an androgenous docking mechanism of the type that will be used during future flights of the American space shuttle to the Mir station.
Soyuz TM-17 (Mir 14)Mission Statistics:
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Mission Highlights: The objective of this mission was to carry on the long-duration experiments aboard Mir. Three space walks were performed during 9/93, one to check on possible damage caused to Mir's solar panels by the Perseid meteor shower in August and two to install a mast to test structures for the planned Mir 2 space station. French cosmonaut Halgnere returned to earth with the Soyuz TM-16 long-duration crew.
Soyuz TM-18 (Mir 15)Mission Statistics:
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Mission Highlights: This was a long-duration mission aboard Mir. Afanasyev and Usachyev remained in space for about 6 months, returning to Earth on 07/09/94. Polyokov stayed in orbit with the Soyuz TM-19 and TM-20 crews and set a new endurance record of 438 days in space. Polyokov's prior record was 214 days, aboard Soyuz TM-6. The cosmonauts conducted a variety of life science, materials processing, and Earth resources experiments aboard Mir.
Soyuz TM-19 (Mir 16)Mission Statistics:
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Mission Highlights: This was another in the series of long-duration missions aboard the Russian Mir space station. The two cosmonauts conducted a variety of microgravity and Earth resources experiments with Valeri Polyokov, of the Soyuz TM-18 crew, who had remained aboard Mir in a 421-day endurance mission. Malenschenko and Musabayev performed two space walks in 9/94 to inspect the Mir docking portto try to identify the reason why a Progress resupply craft was unable to dock with Mir. It was later determined that the docking problem was caused by a radar malfunction on the Progress. Malenschenko and Musabayev returned to Earth in November 1994 with European astronaut Ulf Merbold of the Soyuz TM-20 crew.
Soyuz TM-20 (Mir 17)Mission Statistics:
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Mission Highlights: Participating in the first mid-duration European mission aboard Mir, astronaut Merbold and the Soyuz TM-19 and TM-20 cosmonauts conducted over 20 different biological, life sciences, and materials processing experiments. Merbold returned to Earth after 30 days with the crew of Soyuz TM-19. The Soyuz TM-20 cosmonauts, along with cosmonaut Poliakov of Soyuz TM-18 remained aboard Mir for a longer duration mission. They were replaced in March 1995 by the Soyuz TM-21 crew, which included Norman Thagard, the first American to fly in space aboard a Russian spacecraft.
Soyuz TM-21 (Mir 18)Mission Statistics:
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Mission Highlights: In a historic first, the crew of Soyuz TM-21 (dubbed the Mir 18 mission) included astronaut Norman Thagard, the first American to fly into space in other than a American spacecraft. With his two Mir 18 comrades, he conducted a variety of life sciences and microgravity experiments to give the United States long duration exposure to space in preparation for construction of the international space station. During the mission, the two Russian cosmonauts conducted five space walks to reposition solar panels on the Mir's expansion modules and to prepare Mir for the June 1995 docking with the American space shuttle during the STS-71 mission. The Mir 18 crew returned to Earth in the shuttle, leaving behing their Soyuz spacecraft and the Mir 19 crew, which was launched as part of the STS-71 crew.
STS-71 (Atlantis) (Mir 19)Mission Statistics:
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Mission Highlights: In a historic first, Atlantis docked with the Russian Mir space station on 6/29/95. During the 5 days that their craft were linked, the 5 American and 2 Russian (Mir 19) crew conducted medical experiments with the 3 crewmen of Soyuz TM-21/Mir 18. They also transferred a large amount of medical samples from Mir to Atlantis for return to Earth and equipment and supplies from Atlantis to Mir for the Mir 19 long-duration mission. During the undocking maneuvers on 7/4/95, the Mir 19 crew also detached the Soyuz spacecraft, the first time that 3 separate spacecraft had been maneuvered in close proximity. The 10-person combined crew was also a record, and STS-71 also marked the 100th American manned flight. Atlantis landed at the Kennedy Space Center, with the Mir 18 crew, after the remarkably successful flight. The Mir 19 cosmonauts remained aboard the Mir station, returning on September 11 after 76 days in orbit. During their stay, they performed three spacewalks to repair three foiled solar arrays and to inspect the station's docking port.
Soyuz TM-22 (Mir 20)Mission Statistics:
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Mission Highlights: The crew of Mir 20, the second EuroMir mission, settled in for a long-duration stay aboard Mir, with a host of experiments before them, including biomedical, Earth observation, materials processing, and astronomical studies. Russian cosmonaut Avdeyev and European astronaut Reiter performed a 5-hour spacewalk to install European-built astrophysics sensors to the Spektr module that is attached to Mir, and later made a 3-hour spacewalk to retrieve the sensors. Cosmonauts Avdeyev and Gidzenko also made a short spacewalk. In November 1995, the crew was visited by the space shuttle Atlantis, during the second shuttle/Mir docking.
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