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Unmanned Planetary Probes
United States
Date Spacecraft Name Target Remarks
-------- ---------------- -------- -----------------------------------------
10/11/58 Pioneer 1 Moon Did not reach escape velocity
11/05/58 Pioneer 2 Moon Launch failure
12/06/58 Pioneer 3 Moon Did not reach escape velocity
03/03/59 Pioneer 4 Moon Lunar flyby
03/11/60 Pioneer 5 Sun Solar orbit
12/16/65 Pioneer 6 Sun Solar orbit
08/17/66 Pioneer 7 Sun Solar orbit
10/18/67 Pioneer 8 Sun Solar orbit
11/08/68 Pioneer 9 Sun Solar orbit
03/03/72 Pioneer 10 Jupiter Jupiter flyby (12/3/73 - 81,000 mi.)
04/05/73 Pioneer 11 Jupiter Jupiter flyby (12/2/74 - 26,600 mi.)
`-------------> Saturn Saturn flyby (9/1/79 - 13,000 mi.)
08/23/61 Ranger 1 Test Earth orbital test
11/18/61 Ranger 2 Test Earth orbital test
01/26/62 Ranger 3 Moon Lunar flyby
04/23/62 Ranger 4 Moon Lunar impact
10/10/62 Ranger 5 Moon Lunar flyby
01/30/64 Ranger 6 Moon Lunar impact
07/28/64 Ranger 7 Moon Lunar impact/photos
02/17/65 Ranger 8 Moon Lunar impact/photos
03/21/65 Ranger 9 Moon Lunar impact/photos
07/28/62 Mariner 1 Venus Launch failure
08/26/62 Mariner 2 Venus Venus flyby (12/14/65 - 22,000 mi.)
11/05/64 Mariner 3 Mars Mars flyby (comm. failure)
11/28/64 Mariner 4 Mars Mars flyby (7/14/65 - 6,100 mi.)
06/14/67 Mariner 5 Venus Venus flyby (10/19/67 - 2,500 mi.)
02/25/69 Mariner 6 Mars Mars flyby (7/31/69 - 2,100 mi.)
03/27/69 Mariner 7 Mars Mars flyby ( 8/5/69 - 2,200 mi.)
05/06/71 Mariner 8 Mars Launch failure
05/30/71 Mariner 9 Mars Mars orbit (11/13/71)
11/02/73 Mariner 10 Venus Venus flyby (2/5/74 -3,600 mi.)
`-------------> Mercury Mercury flyby (3/29/74 - 460 mi.)
`-------------> Mercury Mercury flyby (9/21/74 - 30,000mi.)
`-------------> Mercury Mercury flyby (3/16/75 - 200 mi.)
06/30/66 Surveyor 1 Moon Lunar landing
09/20/66 Surveyor 2 Moon Crashed on the Moon
04/17/67 Surveyor 3 Moon Lunar landing
07/14/67 Surveyor 4 Moon Crashed on the Moon
09/08/67 Surveyor 5 Moon Lunar landing
11/07/67 Surveyor 6 Moon Lunar landing
01/07/68 Surveyor 7 Moon Lunar landing
08/10/66 Lunar Orbiter 1 Moon Lunar orbit
11/06/66 Lunar Orbiter 2 Moon Lunar orbit
02/04/67 Lunar Orbiter 3 Moon Lunar orbit
05/04/67 Lunar Orbiter 4 Moon Lunar orbit
08/01/67 Lunar Orbiter 5 Moon Lunar orbit
08/20/75 Viking 1 Mars Mars orbit & landing (7/20/76)
09/09/75 Viking 2 Mars Mars orbit & landing (9/3/76)
08/12/77 ICE (ISEE-3) Sun Solar orbit
`-------------> Comet Giacobini-Zinner flyby (9/11/85)
`-------------> Comet Halley flyby (3/25/86)
09/03/77 Voyager 1 Jupiter Jupiter flyby (3/5/79 - 174,000 mi.)
`-------------> Saturn Saturn flyby (11/12/80 - 77,000 mi.)
08/20/77 Voyager 2 Jupiter Jupiter flyby (7/9/79 - 400,000 mi.)
`-------------> Saturn Saturn flyby (8/25/81 - 63,000 mi.)
`-------------> Uranus Uranus flyby (1/24/86 - 44,000 mi.)
`-------------> Neptune Neptune flyby (8/25/89 - 15,500 mi.)
05/20/78 Pioneer Venus 1 Venus Venus orbit radar mapper (12/4/78)
08/08/78 Pioneer Venus 2 Venus Venus atmospheric probes (12/9/78)
05/04/89 Magellan Venus Venus orbit radar mapper (8/10/90)
10/18/89 Galileo Venus Venus flyby (2/10/90 - 10,000 mi.)
`-------------> Asteroid Gaspa flyby (10/29/91 - 1,000 mi.)
`-------------> Asteroid Ida flyby (8/28/93 - 2,400 mi.)
`-------------> Jupiter Jupiter orbit/probe (12/7/95)
09/25/92 Mars Observer Mars Mars orbit (communications failure)
01/25/94 Clementine 1 Moon Lunar orbit
02/17/96 Shoemaker NEAR Asteroid Mathilde flyby (6/27/97)
`-------------> Asteroid Eros flyby (12/23/98)
`-------------> Asteroid Eros orbit (10/26/2000)
`-------------> Asteroid Eros touchdown (2/12/2001)
11/07/96 Mars Global
Surveyor Mars Mars orbit (9/11/97)
12/04/96 Mars Pathfinder Mars Sojourner Mars rover (7/4/97)
10/13/97 Cassini Venus Venus flyby (4/__/98 - ___ mi.)
`-------------> Venus Venus flyby (6/24/99 - 323 mi.)
`-------------> Earth Earth flyby (8/17/99 - 727 mi.)
`-------------> Jupiter Jupiter flyby (12/30/2000)
`-------------> Saturn Saturn orbit (7/1/2004)
`-------------> Carried ESA's Huygens probe
01/06/98 Lunar Prospector Moon Lunar orbital mapper
10/24/98 Deep Space 1 Asteroid Braille flyby (7/29/99 - 15 mi.)
`-------------> Comet Borrelly flyby (9/22/2001 - 1,340 mi.)
12/11/98 Mars Climate
Orbiter Mars Mars orbit (presumed destroyed 9/23/99)
01/03/99 Mars Polar
Lander Mars Mars South Polar lander
`-------------> Carried Deep Space 2 probes
`-------------> named "Amundsen" and "Scott"
`-------------> (presumed destroyed 12/3/99)
02/07/99 Stardust Comet Wild 2 sample retrieval (01/02/2004)
`-------------> Sample return to Earth (01/15/2006)
04/07/01 Mars Odyssey Mars Mars orbit (10/23/2001)
07/30/01 Genesis Sun Solar wind sample return
07/03/02 Comet Nucleus
Tour Comet Encke flyby (11/2003)
`------------> Schwassmann/Wachmann (est. 06/2006)
06/10/03 Mars Exploration
Rover 1 Mars Rover "Spirit" landed (01/03/2004)
07/07/03 Mars Exploration
Rover 2 Mars Rover "Opportunity" landed (01/25/2003)
08/03/04 Messenger Mercury Venus flyby (06/05/2007)
`------------> Mercury flyby (01/14/2008)
`------------> Mercury flyby (est. 10/2008)
`------------> Mercury flyby (est. 09/2009)
`------------> Mercury orbit (est. 03/2011)
01/12/05 Deep Impact Comet Tempel One flyby & impact (7/4/2005)
`------------> Hartley Two flyby (est. 10/11/2011)
08/12/05 Mars Reconnaisance
Orbiter Mars Mars orbit (03/11/2006)
01/19/06 New Horizons Pluto Jupiter flyby (02/27/2007)
Pluto flyby (est. 07/2015)
08/04/07 Phoenix Mars Mars polar landing (05/25/2008)
09/20/07 Dawn Asteroid Vesta flyby (est. 2011)
`------------> Ceres flyby (est. 2015)
Soviet Union/Russia
Date Spacecraft Name Target Remarks
-------- ---------------- -------- -----------------------------------------
01/02/59 Luna 1 Moon Missed the Moon
09/12/59 Luna 2 Moon Lunar impact
10/04/59 Luna 3 Moon Lunar flyby/farside photos
04/02/63 Luna 4 Moon Lunar flyby
05/09/65 Luna 5 Moon Crashed on the Moon
06/08/65 Luna 6 Moon Missed the Moon
10/04/65 Luna 7 Moon Crashed on the Moon
12/03/65 Luna 8 Moon Crashed on the Moon
01/31/66 Luna 9 Moon Lunar landing
03/31/66 Luna 10 Moon Lunar orbit
08/24/66 Luna 11 Moon Lunar orbit
10/22/66 Luna 12 Moon Lunar orbit
12/21/66 Luna 13 Moon Lunar landing
04/07/68 Luna 14 Moon Lunar orbit
07/14/69 Luna 15 Moon Crashed on the Moon
09/12/70 Luna 16 Moon Lunar soil return
11/10/70 Luna 17 Moon Lunokhod 1 lunar rover
09/02/71 Luna 18 Moon Crashed on the Moon
09/28/71 Luna 19 Moon Lunar orbit
02/14/72 Luna 20 Moon Lunar soil return
01/08/73 Luna 21 Moon Lunkhod 2 lunar rover
05/29/74 Luna 22 Moon Lunar orbit
10/28/74 Luna 23 Moon Lunar landing
08/08/76 Luna 24 Moon Lunar soil return
02/12/61 Venera 1 Venus Venus flyby (communications failure)
11/12/65 Venera 2 Venus Venus flyby (communications failure)
11/16/65 Venera 3 Venus Venus impact (3/1/66 - comm. failure)
06/12/67 Venera 4 Venus Venus atmospheric entry (10/18/67)
01/05/69 Venera 5 Venus Venus atmospheric entry (5/16/69)
01/10/69 Venera 6 Venus Venus atmospheric entry (5/17/69)
08/17/70 Venera 7 Venus Venus landing (12/5/70)
03/27/72 Venera 8 Venus Venus landing (7/22/72)
06/08/75 Venera 9 Venus Venus orbit & landing (10/22/75)
06/14/75 Venera 10 Venus Venus orbit & landing (10/25/75)
09/09/78 Venera 11 Venus Venus flyby & landing (12/25/78)
09/14/78 Venera 12 Venus Venus flyby & landing (12/21/78)
10/20/81 Venera 13 Venus Venus flyby & landing (3/1/82)
11/04/81 Venera 14 Venus Venus flyby & landing (3/5/82)
06/02/83 Venera 15 Venus Venus orbit radar mapper (10/10/83)
06/07/83 Venera 16 Venus Venus orbit radar mapper (10/14/83)
11/01/62 Mars 1 Mars Mars flyby (communications failure)
05/19/71 Mars 2 Mars Mars orbiter/lander crashed (11/26/71)
05/28/71 Mars 3 Mars Mars orbiter/lander crashed (12/3/71)
07/21/73 Mars 4 Mars Mars orbiter missed (2/10/74)
07/25/73 Mars 5 Mars Mars orbit (2/12/74)
08/05/73 Mars 6 Mars Crashed on Mars (3/12/74)
08/09/73 Mars 7 Mars Mars lander missed (3/9/74)
04/02/64 Zond 1 Venus Venus flyby (communications failure)
11/30/64 Zond 2 Mars Mars flyby (communications failure)
07/18/65 Zond 3 Moon Lunar flyby (pre-manned test)
03/02/68 Zond 4 Moon Circumlunar failure (pre-manned test)
09/15/68 Zond 5 Moon Circumlunar (pre-manned test)
11/10/68 Zond 6 Moon Circumlunar (pre-manned test)
08/08/69 Zond 7 Moon Circumlunar (pre-manned test)
10/20/70 Zond 8 Moon Circumlunar (pre-manned test)
12/15/84 Vega 1 Venus Venus flyby & landing (6/11/85)
`-------------> Comet Halley flyby (3/6/86 - 5,500 mi.)
12/21/84 Vega 2 Venus Venus flyby & landing (6/14/85)
`-------------> Comet Halley flyby (3/9/86 - 5,000 mi.)
07/07/88 Phobos 1 Mars Phobos/Mars orbit (comm. failure)
07/12/88 Phobos 2 Mars Phobos/Mars orbit (comm. failure)
11/16/96 Mars 96 Mars 2 Mars landers (launch failure)
Germany
Date Spacecraft Name Target Remarks -------- ---------------- -------- ----------------------------------------- 12/10/74 Helios 1 Sun Solar orbit 01/15/76 Helios 2 Sun Solar orbit
Japan
Date Spacecraft Name Target Remarks -------- ---------------- -------- ----------------------------------------- 01/18/85 Sakigake Comet Halley flyby (3/1/86 - 4.3 mill. mi.) 08/19/85 Suisei Comet Halley flyby (3/8/86 - 93,600 mi.) 09/25/90 Muses A Moon Lunar orbit (1992) 07/04/98 Nozomi Mars Mars orbit (went off course) 05/__/03 Hayabusa Asteroid Asteroid Itokawa landing (11/23/05) 09/14/07 Selene "Kaguya" Moon Lunar orbit (10/2007)
Europe
Date Spacecraft Name Target Remarks
-------- ---------------- -------- -----------------------------------------
07/20/85 Giotti Comet Halley flyby (3/14/86 - 400 mi.)
`-------------> Comet Grigg-Skjellerup flyby (7/10/92)
10/09/90 Ulysses Jupiter Jupiter flyby (1992)
`-------------> Sun Solar polar orbit (1994)
10/13/97 Huygens Saturn Titan (moon) landing (1/14/2005)
`-------------> Carried by U.S. Cassini orbiter
06/02/03 Mars Express Mars Mars orbit (12/25/2003)
`-------------> Lander "Beagle 2" comm failure
09/29/03 SMART-1 Moon Lunar orbit (11/15/2004)
03/02/04 Rosetta Comet Mars flyby (02/25/2007)
`-------------> Asteroid Stern flyby (__/2008)
`-------------> Comet 67P flyby (05/2014 est.)
11/08/05 Venus Express Venus Venus orbit (04/11/2006)
China
Date Spacecraft Name Target Remarks -------- ---------------- -------- ----------------------------------------- 10/24/07 Chang'e 1 Moon Lunar orbit (11/05/2007) India
Date Spacecraft Name Target Remarks -------- ---------------- -------- ----------------------------------------- 10/22/08 Chandrayaan 1 Moon Lunar orbit
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